For the men and women of the Bloomsbury Group, Shakespeare was a constant presence and a creative benchmark. Not only the works they intended for publication—the novels, biographies, economic and political writings, stage designs and reviews—but also their diaries and correspondence, their gossip and small talk turned regularly on Shakespeare. They read his plays for pleasure in the evenings, and on sunny summer afternoons in the country. They went to the theater, discussed performances, and speculated about Shakespeare’s mind. As poet, as dramatist, as model and icon, as elusive “life,” Shakespeare haunted their imaginations and made his way, through phrase, allusion, and oblique reference, into their own lives and art.
This is a book about Shakespeare in Bloomsbury—about the role Shakespeare played in the lives of a charismatic and influential cast, including Virginia and Leonard Woolf, Vanessa Bell, Clive Bell, Roger Fry, Duncan Grant, Lytton Strachey, John Maynard Keynes and Lydia Lopokova Keynes, Desmond and Molly MacCarthy, and James and Alix Strachey. All are brought to sparkling life in Marjorie Garber’s intimate account of how Shakespeare provided them with a common language, a set of reference points, and a model for what they did not hesitate to call genius. Among these brilliant friends, Garber shows, Shakespeare was in effect another, if less fully acknowledged, member of the Bloomsbury Group.
The vital and untold story of Karl Marx’s stamp on American life.
To read Karl Marx is to contemplate a world created by capitalism. People have long viewed the United States as the quintessential anti-Marxist nation, but Marx’s ideas have inspired a wide range of people to formulate a more precise sense of the stakes of the American project. Historians have highlighted the imprint made on the United States by Enlightenment thinkers such as Adam Smith, John Locke, and Thomas Paine, but Marx is rarely considered alongside these figures. Yet his ideas are the most relevant today because of capitalism’s centrality to American life.
In Karl Marx in America, historian Andrew Hartman argues that even though Karl Marx never visited America, the country has been infused, shaped, and transformed by him. Since the beginning of the Civil War, Marx has been a specter in the American machine. During the Gilded Age, socialists read Marx as an antidote to the unchecked power of corporations. In the Great Depression, communists turned to Marx in hopes of transcending the destructive capitalist economy. The young activists of the 1960s were inspired by Marx as they gathered to protest an overseas war. Marx’s influence today is evident, too, as Americans have become increasingly attuned to issues of inequality, labor, and power.
After decades of being pushed to the far-left corner of intellectual thought, Marx’s ideologies have crossed over into the mainstream and are more alive than ever. Working-class consciousness is on the rise, and, as Marx argued, the future of a capitalist society rests in the hands of the people who work at the point of production. A valuable resource for anyone interested in Marx’s influence on American political discourse, Karl Marx in America is a thought-provoking account of the past, present, and future of his philosophies in American society.
An exploration of the political thought of one of the twentieth century’s most influential thinkers and the foremost advocate for the Palestinian cause in the West
Edward Said was one of the most influential intellectuals of the twentieth century. A literary scholar with an aesthete’s temperament, he did not experience his political awakening until the 1967 Arab–Israeli war, which transformed his thinking and led him to forge ties with political groups and like-minded scholars. Said’s subsequent writings, which cast light on the interplay between cultural representation and the exercise of Western political power, caused a seismic shift in scholarly circles and beyond. In this intimate intellectual biography, by a close friend and confidant, Nubar Hovsepian offers fascinating insight into the evolution of Said’s political thought.
Through analysis of Said’s seminal works and the debates surrounding them, Edward Said: The Politics of an Oppositional Intellectual traces the influence of Foucault on Said, and how Said eventually diverged from this influence to arrive at a more pronounced understanding of agency, resistance, and liberation. He consequently affiliated more closely with Raymond Williams, Antonio Gramsci, and more contemporaneously, with his friends the late Eqbal Ahmad and Ibrahim Abu-Lughod.
Said held that it is the intellectual’s responsibility to expose lies and deceptions of the holders of power. A passionate advocate for the Palestinian cause, his solidarity did not prevent him from launching a sustained critique of the Palestinian leadership. Hovsepian charts both Said’s engagement with the Palestinian national movement and his exchanges with a host of intellectuals over Palestine, arguing that Said’s interventions have succeeded in changing the parameters of the discourse in the humanities, and among younger Jews searching for political affiliation.
Drawing on his diaries, in which he recorded his meetings with Said, as well as access to some of Said’s private letters, Hovsepian illuminates, in rich detail, the trajectory of Said’s political thinking and the depth and breadth of his engagement with peers and critics over issues that continue to resonate to this day.
This issue of Foucault Studies is the first to be published by the University of Pennsylvania Press: https://www.pennpress.org/journals/journal/foucault-studies/. The journal retains its full intellectual independence and keeps publishing according to a diamond open access model under the guidance of an editorial collective composed of Knut Ove Eliassen, Robert Harvey, Daniele Lorenzini, Clare O’Farrell, Sverre Raffnsøe, and Dianna Taylor.
Cover art has been created by Leonardo Martin Baños Ballenas, and is used by courtesy of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France and Poulpy.
The image shows Foucault’s Bibliothèque nationale de France reader card, on a photograph of one of its reading rooms. A few years ago I made an attempt to decipher the card.
Update July 2025: The designer Leonardo Baños talks about the cover here (in Spanish).
At the beginning of 2025 I decided to try to post a short essay each week on Progressive Geographies. I felt the blog had become too much of a noticeboard, sharing information about interesting books, talks or shorter pieces by other people and, much less often, a few things about my own work. I had not been writing very much for the blog itself, apart from the research updates on my Mapping Indo-European thought in twentieth-century France project; and some research resources – bibliographies, a few textual comparisons, sometimes very short translations.
Somewhat to my surprise I’ve managed to keep to a weekly schedule to these essays, usually with a few pieces in development at the same time. I called these ‘Sunday histories’ after the condescending name of ‘Sunday historian’ given to amateurs by professional historians, since these were people whose only time for doing history was outside of the working week. Philippe Ariès called his memoir Un Historien du Dimanche for this reason. But these short posts are also histoires in the French sense of stories as much as formal histories. At the end of each of these pieces I’ve tried to provide indications of sources which would provide much more information, some of which are published and others are archives.
The intention was not that the pieces would be parts of a paper or book chapter I’m writing, but usually something tangential to what I’m working on, perhaps a development of something which would only be a footnote or aside in another text. Sometimes they are some notes on a topic which might be further developed in the future, or where I’ve reached a dead end. A couple of times they have developed from a talk I’ve given or are a summary of what will be a longer piece published in a more formal way. A few times I’ve revisited earlier occasional pieces on this blog, and tidied them up into a similar format. A couple have seemed more minor, and have been posted mid-week.
These pieces are something of a reaction against academic publishing – its slow processes, its costs, and its metrics. These pieces are posted shortly I’ve finished them, though they might be revised later; they are free to access (I don’t plan to turn these into subscription-only); and they are not ‘outputs’ in the tradition sense.
I have a few drafts of future posts – another one relating to the early reception of Foucault’s work in the United States; a reworked version of the story of a possible collaboration between Alexandre Kojève and Lefebvre; and on Jakobson’s 1972 lectures at the Collège de France. There will maybe be something on Pierre Bourdieu and Erwin Panofsky, perhaps on Jean Hyppolite, probably on ancient Greek words for kings.
When I have been asked about running a blog, I’ve said the three guidelines I set myself were these: be useful to yourself, since you never know if anyone else will read it; be useful to others, if you do want an audience; and be nice, which means I rarely post about things I don’t like. Those still seem like good ideas to me, and they are ones that shape these little posts. The posts are provisional and suggestions are welcome. I’m sure specialists in the areas I discuss will know much more or correct details. I hope there is some interest in them.
Leonard Robert Palmer (1906-1984) was a British linguist, important both for his own work and as an editor. Early in his career he taught Classics at the Victoria University of Manchester, became Chair of Greek at King’s College London, and from 1952 was Professor of Comparative Philology at the University of Oxford. In the late 1950s he was President of the Philological Society. He invited Georges Dumézil to give lectures in London in 1951, and the resulting book, Les Dieux des indo-européens, was dedicated to Palmer. One lecture of Dumézil’s Déesses latines et mythes védiques was based on a lecture Palmer invited him to give in Oxford in May 1956, where Palmer also brought Émile Benveniste in 1964.
Palmer was known for his books including Descriptive and Comparative Linguistics in 1972, and The Interpretation of Mycenaean Greek Texts. He attended the 1956 conference outside Paris on Mycenaean studies I’ve discussed before – “Benveniste, Dumézil, Lejeune and the decipherment of Linear B”. This interest led him into archaeology, and debates about the dating of the Knossos site in Crete (see Mycenaeans and Minoans). He is also significant as an editor of two book series. One was entitled “The Great Languages”, in which his own studies of Greek and Latin were published, along with studies of most modern Western European languages, Russian and Slavonic, Chinese and Sanskrit. Anna Morpurgo Davies edited the series in later years, and co-edited Palmer’s Festschrift – Studies in Greek, Italic and Indo-European Linguistics offered to Leonard R. Palmer… Some of the names I’ve been discussing in relation to my wider project were contributors, including Françoise Bader, Harold Bailey, Ilya Gershevitch, Jerzy Kuryłowicz, Michel Lejeune, Manu Leumann, Rüdiger Schmitt, and Calvert Watkins.
Leonard Palmer, taken from his Festschrift
The other series Palmer edited was called “Studies in General Linguistics”. The initial series description appeared on the back-cover flap of David Abercrombie’s English Phonetic Texts, the second book in the series:
Professor L.R. Palmer, editor of the ‘Great Languages’ series, is preparing this new series of books on Linguistics. Elements of General Linguistics by André Martinet is the first volume in the series, and it is hoped that Professor Palmer’s own Introduction to Modern Linguistics will be added to the series at a later date. Other volumes will be concerned with Phonetics and Comparative Linguistics, and other related subjects.
The series is designed for the growing number of students of linguistics.
The books were published by Faber & Faber in London and often jointly appeared with an American publisher, usually a university press. Palmer said his Descriptive and Comparative Linguistics was a replacement for his 1936 book An Introduction to Modern Linguistics, noting in the revision that “a simple reissue was unthinkable” given the developments of the intervening years (p. 9).
As well as the translation of Martinet’s Elements of General Linguistics in 1964, the “Studies in General Linguistics” series also published the English version of Émile Benveniste, Indo-European Language and Society in 1973. (This translation was recently republished as Dictionary of Indo-European Concepts and Society by Hau books). Indo-European Language and Society was published in the USA by University of Miami Press, listing it as number 12 of their “Miami Linguistics Series”. Benveniste’s Problems in General Linguistics had appeared in that series as number 8. The University of Miami Press printing has that publisher embossed on the cover, but inside appeared to have simply rebound the Faber & Faber printing, including that publisher name on the title page. L.R. Palmer wrote a brief preface to the Martinet translation and originally proposed translating Benveniste’s Indo-European Language and Society himself.
A photograph of the five books in the series – David Abercrombie, English Phonetic Texts; Leonard R. Palmer, Descriptive and Comparative Linguistics; André Martinet, Elements of General Linguistics; Émile Benveniste, Indo-European Language and Society; and Guilio C. Lepschy, A Survey of Structural Linguistics
The translator of Martinet is Elisabeth Palmer (with an ‘s’), while Elizabeth Palmer (with a ‘z’) translated Benveniste. Leonard Palmer does a ‘thanks for typing’ acknowledgement to his wife in Descriptive and Comparative Linguistics (p. 11), and thanks her for her “experience of scientific drawing” in The Interpretation of Mycenaean Greek Texts (p. ix). But on neither occasion does he give her name. However, The Greek Language is dedicated “To Elisabeth” (an ‘s’, again, p. v) and his acknowledgements note that this dedicatee is his wife (p. xii).
It seems probable that Elisabeth and Elizabeth are the same person. But could there really be a spelling mistake in a translator name, especially if it was the name of the series editor’s wife? One obituary of Leonard Palmer mentions his wife was Austrian, and a medical scholar. Being Austrian would further support the ‘Elisabeth’ spelling, as do the reprints of Martinet, Éléments de linguistique générale with University of Chicago Press and Midway. Given ‘Elisabeth’ appears in Martinet’s translation (1964), and the dedication (1980), the spelling in the translation of Benveniste (1973) seems to be the anomaly. (Until I found the dedication, I did wonder if she’d anglicised the spelling at some point.) But if it was a misprint, would it not be corrected in later printings? Palmer is a common surname, so it can be hard to find details. Some of the identities in library catalogues have merged the names. There are other books by ‘Elizabeth Palmer’ which seem unlikely to be the same person. There is also an Élisabeth Palmer, who was married to the Swedish-born French gynaecologist Raoul Palmer, who also published with him.
Giulio C. Lepschy co-edited the “Studies in General Linguistics” series with Leonard Palmer in the 1970s, and his A Survey of Structural Linguistics, a revision of a text originally published in Italian, appeared in it in 1970. Unless I am missing books, the series was therefore uneven in chronology: two books in 1964 (Martinet and Abercrombie), and three in the early 1970s (Lepschy, Palmer, Benveniste). But the Martinet and Benveniste translations are interesting in themselves as a minor link between French and anglophone post-war linguistics and some of the names involved.
David Abercrombie, English Phonetic Texts, London: Faber & Faber, 1964.
Émile Benveniste, Problems in General Linguistics, trans. Mary Elizabeth Meek, Coral Gables: University of Miami Press, 1971.
Émile Benveniste, Le vocabulaire des insitutions indo-européenes, Paris: Les Éditions de Minuit, two volumes, 1969; Indo-European Language and Society, trans. Elizabeth Palmer, Coral Gables: University of Miami Press/London: Faber & Faber,1973; reprinted as Dictionary of Indo-European Concepts and Society, trans. Elizabeth Palmer, Chicago: HAU books, 2016.
Georges Dumézil, Les Dieux des indo-européens, Paris: PUF, 1952.
Georges Dumézil, Déesses latines et mythes védiques, Bruxelles: Latomus, 1956.
Guilio C. Lepschy, A Survey of Structural Linguistics, London: Faber & Faber, 1970.
André Martinet, Éléments de linguistique générale, Paris: Armand Colin, 1960; Elements of General Linguistics, trans. Elisabeth Palmer, London: Faber & Faber/Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964.
Anna Morpurgo Davies and Wolfgang Meid (eds.), Studies in Greek, Italic and Indo-European Linguistics: Offered to Leonard R. Palmer on the Occasion of his Seventieth Birthday, June 5, 1976, Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck, 1976.
L.R. Palmer, An Introduction to Modern Linguistics, London: Macmillan & Co., 1936.
L.R. Palmer, The Latin Language, London: Faber & Faber/Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1954.
Leonard Palmer, The Interpretation of Mycenaean Greek Texts, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963.
Leonard R. Palmer, Mycenaeans and Minoans: Aegean Prehistory in the Light of the Linear B Tablets, London: Faber & Faber, 2nd edition, 1965 [1961].
Leonard R. Palmer, Descriptive and Comparative Linguistics: A Critical Introduction, London: Faber & Faber/New York: Crane, Russak & Company, Inc., 1972.
Leonard R. Palmer, The Greek Language, London: Faber & Faber, 1980.
This is the twenty-sixth post of a weekly series, where I post short essays with some indications of further reading and sources, but which are not as formal as something I’d try to publish more conventionally. They are usually tangential to my main writing focus, a home for spare ideas, asides, dead-ends and possible futures. I hope there is some interest in them. They are provisional and suggestions are welcome.
Andrew Cooper presents the first systematic study of Kant’s account of natural history. Cooper contends that Kant made a decisive contribution to one of the most explosive and understudied revolutions in the history of science: the addition of time to the frame in which explanations are required, sought, and justified in natural science.
Through addressing a wide range of Kant’s works, Cooper challenges the claim that Kant’s theory of science denies a developmental conception of nature and argues instead that it establishes a method by which natural historians can genuinely dispute historical claims and potentially come to consensus. This method, Cooper argues, can be used to expose serious flaws in Kant’s own historical reasoning, including the formation and defence of his racist views. The book will be valuable to philosophers seeking to discern both the power and limitations of Kant’s theory of science, and to historians of science working on the fractured landscape of eighteenth-century Newtonianism.
This series usually appears 12 months later in paperback from Haymarket books.
From the “red years” that followed the social explosion of May ’68 into the first decades of the 21st century, Alain Badiou and Toni Negri have produced two imposing and consequential bodies of philosophical writing, while never abandoning their commitment to a militant politics of equality. The essays collected in this book tackle multiple dimensions of their work—from ontology to biopolitics, from art to violence, from the theory of capitalism to the challenge of counter-revolution. But all of them are also efforts to explore and answer a single question: What does it mean to be a communist in philosophy?
This volume presents an interdisciplinary and international revaluation of urban Marxisms.
Bringing together the main critical Marxist perspectives from around the world on contemporary urban studies, it engages with a range of issues connected to the “urban question,” such as urban sprawl, housing, and increasing rates of urbanization across the globe. With attention to the manner in which the three axes of class, gender, and race play a fundamental role in contemporary social phenomena, it interweaves different issues that are inextricably linked in matters of urban inequality. The book bridges a significant gap between urban studies and Marxists theories by reviving Marx and Engels’ ideas in the context of analyzing urban studies in the twenty-first century. The objective is to bring together diverse perspectives and directions of the ongoing debate on the “urban question.” Although there are multiple Marxisms and theoretical currents inspired by Marxism that seek to understand the urban and spatial transformations of today, there has been a lack of comprehensive scholarship that systematically brings them together to frame this debate. The goal is to unite the main critical Marxist perspectives on contemporary urban studies.
Reimagining Urban Marxisms will therefore appeal to scholars across disciplines with interests in Marxist analyses of contemporary urban and spatial transformations, and the phenomenon of planetary urbanization.
