Puzzles, Patience and Clues: Carlo Ginzburg and Adriano Prosperi

In an interview with Maria Lúcia G. Pallares-Burke in October 1998, published in The New History: Confessions and Conversations, Carlo Ginzburg mentions the critical attitude he has to some of his earlier works. One was his 1970 book Il nicodemismo: Simulazione e dissimulazione religiosa nell’Europa del Cinquecento [Nicodemism: Religious pretence and dissimulation in sixteenth-century Europe]: 

I don’t like it because it is perhaps the most academic book I ever wrote… I wouldn’t like to repudiate the book completely (there being something in its research strategy that I still feel close to), although I have always refused permission for republication, since that would require a long introduction explaining what is wrong with some of its chapters (pp. 198-99).

This book remains untranslated into English, one of only a few of Ginzburg’s books not available in that language. (The original Italian is out of print, but available on archive.org) He also mentions a collaborative work:

Another book that seems strange today is Giochi de Pazienza, which I wrote with my friend Adriano Prosperi, telling the story of our joint research on sixteenth-century religious tracts. I never really understood why Einaudi decided to reprint it. It is in a deliberate way a rather unreadable book. But its research core was quite sound, as Adriano Prosperi will show in the book he has been working on for years on Giorgio Siculo, a sixteenth-century Benedictine monk put to death as a heretic. But Giochi di Pazienza was also a sort of methodological manifesto. I developed some of its themes in my essay on clues (The New History, p. 199).

Giochi de Pazienza might translate as ‘games of patience’, a play on the card game sometimes known as solitaire. First published in 1975, and reissued in 2020, the book was finally translated into English in 2026 as Puzzles: A Seminar on the ‘Benefit of Christ’, just a few months before Ginzburg died. The second edition and its translation has two reflective essays by Ginzburg and Prosperi. It is part of the Italian List at Seagull, edited by Alberto Toscano. That series has been so valuable in making work available in English for those of us who can’t read more than a little Italian.

I wrote about the ‘Clues’ essay in an earlier piece in this series, about Ginzburg’s approach of the historian as a detective. I also outlined the different versions of that text which exist. I should have noted there that Italo Calvino’s short essay on that text is included in his The Written World and the Unwritten World collection. The Adriano Prosperi reference given by Ginzburg in the interview quotation is L’eresia del Libro Grande: Storia di Giorgio Siculo e della sua setta [The Heresy of the Great Book: The History of Giorgio Siculo and his sect], which was published in 2000.

Puzzles is a very interesting book. I can’t pretend to have been able to follow all of the details of the text and the issues about its dating and provenance, but I found the narration of the process of research fascinating. Christopher Smith has a very interesting piece about Puzzles, and what it shows about reading, at “Clio reads a book” on his Anatomies of Power site. As he says there:

1968, Bologna. Two young professors look for a new way of teaching as the clouds of revolution swirl. What is history? How to do it? What are the rules and what is the endpoint, and who are the historians? They take up a text, the Beneficio di Cristo, and let the students pick it apart. They followed the clues, hunted in the libraries in a way that is familiar to my generation, but increasingly unfamiliar as catalogues and texts are digitised. They had to rely on chance, and on memory (“I’ve read that somewhere before!”). And then they did something even more radical – they jointly published a book of their intellectual journey, its missteps and mistakes, the backtracking, disagreements, the recognition of their own preconceptions. 

In his tribute in Pittsburgh Review of BooksReading Vertically and Horizontally with Carlo Ginzburg, Nitzan Lebovic says that when he arrived at UCLA he asked for guidance: “When I asked my friends what I should study with Carlo, their advice was simple: It doesn’t matter. Take whatever he’s teaching — it’s always an intellectual whirlwind”. You get a sense from Puzzles why that might be, though you should look at Lebovic’s piece to read his anecdote of being initiated into historical research by Ginzburg.

Here’s one passage I particularly liked from Puzzles:

There comes a moment (not always) in the course of research when, as in a jigsaw puzzle, all the pieces begin to fall into place. But unlike a jigsaw puzzle, where all the pieces are to hand and there is only one picture to be formed (so that the correctness of each move can be checked at once), in research only some of the pieces are available, and the pictures that can be composed are, in theory, more than one. There is always the risk, in fact, of using the jigsaw pieces, consciously or not, as building blocks. The fact that everything appears to fit is therefore an ambiguous sign: either one is completely right or one is completely wrong. In the latter case, what is taken for external verification is in reality the selection and prodding (more or less deliberate) of the evidence, manipulated to confirm the (more or less explicit) presuppositions of the research. The dog thinks it is gnawing the bone, and instead it is chewing its own tail (p. 102). 

In his 2020 “Afterword”, Ginzburg adds that “a group of young Bolognese writers, concealed behind the pseudonym Luther Blissett, [wrote] a historical novel inspired by the characters and events at the centre of Puzzles (Q, 1999; one of the chapters is entitled ‘Il Beneficio di Cristo’)” (p. 254). It’s been many years since I read Q, and I hadn’t made the connection until I read this “Afterword”. The collective ‘Luther Blissett’ was named after a former football player, and some of the group later went on to found the group ‘Wu Ming’, who have authored many novels. Wu Ming have a tribute to Ginzburg on their website. This connection promises to be explored in Andrea Brondino’s forthcoming book Narrative and History in the Works of Umberto Eco, Carlo Ginzburg, and Wu Ming: Untangling the Strands.

At least four collections of essays have been dedicated to Prosperi, a three-volume study in 2011 and another in 2019. Most, but not all, of the essays in these are in Italian. Ginzburg contributed an essay on Machiavelli and antiquarians, later reprinted in his Nevertheless: Machiavelli, Pascal. In contrast to Ginzburg, only some of Prosperi’s work has been translated, including Infanticide, Secular Justice, and Religious Debate in Early Modern EuropeJustice Blindfolded: The Historical Course of an Image and Crime and Forgiveness: Christianizing Execution in Medieval Europe

Justice Blindfolded examines how ‘justice’ is often portrayed as a woman with bandaged eyes, how this relates to the crucified Christ, and ideas of justice as fairness, as impartiality. It is an extraordinary study, historically wide-ranging and strikingly illustrated, moving between religious and legal history, with analysis of artworks and texts. It moves from the Bible to Bentham and Rousseau to Rawls, and deserves to be better-known by political theorists as much as historians.

I don’t think there is an English translation of Prosperi’s L’eresia del Libro Grande, the book which Ginzburg suggests demonstrates the soundness of the “research core” of Puzzles. Like Ginzburg’s book on Nicodemism, it is out of reach for non-Italian readers… Maybe two others for ‘The Italian List’.

References

Luther Blissett, Q, trans. Shaun Whiteside, London: Heinemann, 2003. 

Andrea Brondino, Narrative and History in the Works of Umberto Eco, Carlo Ginzburg, and Wu Ming: Untangling the Strands, London:Bloomsbury, forthcoming December 2026.

Italo Calvino, The Written World and the Unwritten World: Collected Non-Fiction, trans. Ann Goldstein, London: Penguin, 2023. 

Guido Dall’Olio, Adelisa Malena and Pierroberto Scaramella eds. La Fede degli italiani: Per Adriano Prosperi vol. I, Pisa: Edizioni della Normale, 2011.

Wietse de Boer, Vincenzo Lavenia and Giuseppe Marcocci eds. La Ghianda e la quercia: Saggi per Adriano Prosperi, Roma: Viella, 2019.

Massimo Donattini, Giuseppe Marcocci and Stefania Pastore eds. L’Europa divisa e I nuovi mondi: Per Adriano Prosperi vol. II, Pisa: Edizioni della Normale, three volumes, 2011.

Carlo Ginzburg, Il nicodemismo: Simulazione e dissimulazione religiosa nell’Europa del Cinquecento, Torino, Einaudi, 1970. 

Carlo Ginzburg, Nevertheless: Machiavelli, Pascal, London: Verso, 2022.

Carlo Ginzburg and Adriano Prosperi, Giochi di Pazienza: Un Seminario sul «Beneficio di Cristo», Torino: Einaudi, 1975, second edition, Macerata: Quodlibet, 2020; Puzzles: A Seminar on the ‘Benefit of Christ’ – trans. Thomas Haskell Simpson, Calcutta: Seagull, 2026.

Vincenzo Lavenia and Giovanna Paolin eds. Riti di passaggio, storie di giustizia: Per Adriano Prosperi vol. III, Pisa: Edizioni della Normale, three volumes, 2011.

Nitzan Lebovic, “Reading Vertically and Horizontally with Carlo Ginzburg”, Pittsburgh Review of Books, 29 June 2026, https://pghrev.com/reading-vertically-and-horizontally-with-carlo-ginzburg/

Maria Lúcia G. Pallares-Burke, The New History: Confessions and Conversations, Cambridge: Polity, 2002.

Adriano Prosperi, L’eresia del Libro Grande: Storia di Giorgio Siculo e della sua setta, Milan: Feltrinelli, 2000.

Adriano Prosperi, Infanticide, Secular Justice, and Religious Debate in Early Modern Europe, Turnhout: Brepols, 2016. 

Adriano Prosperi, Justice Blindfolded: The Historical Course of an Image, trans. John Tedeschi and Anne C. Tedeschi, Leiden: Brill, 2018.

Adriano Prosperi, Crime and Forgiveness: Christianizing Execution in Medieval Europe, trans. Jeremy Carden, Harvard University Press, 2020.

Wu Ming, “Carlo Ginzburg nel momento del pericolo. Un saluto al maestro (1939 – 2026)”, June 2026, https://www.wumingfoundation.com/giap/2026/06/carlo-ginzburg/


This is the 87th post of a weekly series, posted every Sunday throughout 2025, and continuing into a second year. The posts are short essays with indications of further reading and sources. The pieces are not as formal as something I’d try to publish more conventionally, but are hopefully worthwhile as short sketches of histories and ideas. They are usually tangential to my main writing focus, a home for spare parts, asides, dead-ends and possible futures. I hope there is some interest in them. They are provisional and suggestions are welcome. A few, usually shorter, pieces in a similar style have been posted mid-week.

The full chronological list of ‘Sunday histories’ is here, with a thematic ordering here.

Posted in Adriano Prosperi, Alberto Toscano, Carlo Ginzburg, Sunday Histories, Umberto Eco, Uncategorized, Wu Ming | 3 Comments

David Reisman, Economy and Utopia: More to Morris – Edward Elgar, April 2026

David Reisman, Economy and Utopia: More to Morris – Edward Elgar, April 2026

Introduction open access here

In this insightful book, David Reisman examines the various notions of a utopia that emerged in opposition to feudalism and capitalism between the publication of Thomas More’s Utopia in 1516 and William Morris’s News from Nowhere in 1890. The book adopts an interdisciplinary approach to analysing the concept of a utopia, its sources and roots and the spectrum of thought surrounding how it should be created. 

Reisman evaluates the ideas of renowned and lesser-known authors such as Francis Bacon, Henri de Saint-Simon, Gerrard Winstanley, Étienne Cabet, James Harrington and Edward Bellamy, who imagined an earthly paradise to replace social division and economic underperformance. The book explores science, communism, cooperation, citizenship, the constitution and the dystopia of control. It shows how utopian ideals continue to challenge narrow individualism. Providing a unique depth of coverage in this field, Reisman assesses how market exchange, cut-throat competition and private property would yield to a new and more communitarian approach to life and work.

Economy and Utopia is a crucial resource for students and scholars of economics and finance, political theory, public policy and philosophy. Its focus on past efforts to improve society will also benefit researchers in history and sociology.

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Sarah Ellen Zarrow, Displays of Belonging: Polish Jewish Collecting and Museums, 1891-1941 – Cornell University Press, June 2025 and New Books discussion

Sarah Ellen Zarrow, Displays of Belonging: Polish Jewish Collecting and Museums, 1891-1941 – Cornell University Press, June 2025

New Books Network discussion with Paul Lerner

Displays of Belonging illuminates the lives and work of Polish Jewish collectors and museologists, who sought to preserve the treasures of the Jewish past while demonstrating Jewish belonging on Polish soil. As Jews comfortable in the Polish language and within Polish artistic and academic society, they saw themselves as intermediaries between less-integrated Jews and the Polish cultural elite.

At the turn of the century, Jewish ethnographers and museum creators staked their claim to belonging to the civic nation though the display of Jewish folk art, fine art, and Judaica. After the First World War, the nearly three million Jews in the Second Polish Republic were suddenly challenged with finding a place for themselves in a state that increasingly defined itself as a creation of the ethnic Polish nation, to which Jews, by many accounts, did not belong.

By tracing emergent documentation and display practices in partitioned Poland and in the interwar Second Polish Republic, Sarah Ellen Zarrow offers a better understanding of how integrated Jews identified with Polish culture and history and with non-Jewish Poles, and how they conceived of, negotiated, and argued their collective place within Poland. This is not a case of assimilation, nor of acculturation, but rather of displaying a parallel culture that was at once similar and yet distinctive.

Displays of Belonging offers a nuanced understanding of the multiplicity of ways in which Jews in Poland saw their present and dreamed of their future. It places Jewish ethnographic practice and art collection within a Polish context, and sheds light on ways in which ideas about belonging and national identity were negotiated in the space of museums.

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The Essential Senghor: African Philosophy and Black Aesthetics – eds. Doyle C. Calhoun, Alioune B. Fall and Sheikh Thiam, Duke University Press, April 2026 and interview with the editors

The Essential Senghor: African Philosophy and Black Aesthetics – eds. Doyle C. Calhoun, Alioune B. Fall and Sheikh Thiam, Duke University Press, April 2026 

Senegalese poet, philosopher, and politician Leopold Sédar Senghor, together with Aimé Césaire and others, developed the influential and perennially relevant negritude movement—a Black artistic, philosophical, and political expression of Black presence in the modern colonial world. The Essential Senghor provides a new opportunity for English-language readers to engage with Senghor’s critical and philosophical writings spanning from 1937 to 1985. This collection includes Senghor’s key philosophical interventions in discourses on freedom, Blackness and being, humanism, history, and more. It portrays Senghor as a pivotal intellectual in the fields of African and Black studies whose work engages a wide range of disciplines, including literature, linguistics, anthropology, religion, and art history. The Essential Senghor invites readers not only to reflect on negritude and its importance for our political present, but also to reconsider intellectual genealogies of decolonial thought, Black liberation, and African philosophy.

The Introduction is open access at this link, and there is an interview with the editors by Unglid Paul at the Journal of the History of Ideas blog.

Last year, Léopold Sédar Senghor, Writings on Politics, edited by Yohann C. Ripert, was also published by Duke University Press, November 2025. The Introduction is also open access at this link.

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Mary Pickering, Prophet of Science: The Vision and Passion of Auguste Comte – Reaktion, October 2026

Mary Pickering, Prophet of Science: The Vision and Passion of Auguste Comte – Reaktion, October 2026

A fascinating portrait of Auguste Comte, nineteenth-century mathematician and philosopher

Born during the ferment of the French Revolution, Auguste Comte was one of the foremost thinkers of the nineteenth century, his ideas influencing social reformers, philosophers, politicians and scientists. Advocating for what he called ‘the science of society’, he contended that facts and reason alone should matter in public discourse. But while Comte strove to create social harmony, he suffered from repeated disasters in his personal and professional life that ultimately endangered his health and undermined his project. An avid self-dramatizer, Comte’s increasingly erratic behaviour stood at odds with his philosophy of ‘order and progress’.
This readable intellectual and personal biography of the enigmatic thinker explains Comte’s importance to modern Western thought, and provides a fascinating psychological portrait of a deeply troubled yet brilliant man.

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Irene I. Vega, Bordering On Indifference: Immigration Agents Negotiating Race and Morality – Princeton University Press, May 2025 and New Books discussion

Irene I. Vega, Bordering On Indifference: Immigration Agents Negotiating Race and Morality – Princeton University Press, May 2025

New Books discussion with Christina Gessler – thanks to dmf for the link

Immigration agents have a frontline view of the racial, economic, and legal inequalities that undocumented migration reflects—and yet most agents do not think of the role their jobs play in those inequalities. Instead, they consider themselves law enforcers, trained to confine their work strictly to crime control and security. In Bordering on Indifference, Irene Vega offers an original, detailed analysis of the rationales that shape how U.S. immigration agents understand and carry out their professional responsibilities. Drawing on interviews with ninety immigration agents—Border Patrol Agents and ICE Deportation Officers, most of whom are Mexican Americans from the region around the border—Vega examines why they took the job and how their training and socialization shape the ways that they grapple with the racial and moral issues raised by their work.

Vega shows that indifference is the bureaucratic resource that allows agents to look away from the most morally ambiguous aspects of their work and helps them cultivate legitimacy for their employer. She traces the development of the agents’ “moral economy”—the configuration of norms, values, and sensibilities that undergirds how they perform their work. She also shows how the immigration system benefits from minoritized bureaucrats’ labor. With Bordering on Indifference, Vega opens the closed doors of nondescript government buildings and goes into remote areas of the Southwestern borderlands to uncover the hidden normative world that immigration enforcement agents inhabit.

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A.J.A. Woods, The Cultural Marxism Conspiracy: Why the Right Blames the Frankfurt School for the Decline of the West -Verso, April 2026 and New Books discussion

A.J.A. Woods, The Cultural Marxism Conspiracy: Why the Right Blames the Frankfurt School for the Decline of the WestVerso, April 2026

I’ve shared news of the book before, there is now a New Books network discussion with Morteza Hajizadeh – thanks for dmf for the link

The definitive history of a dangerous right-wing conspiracy theory 

“Cultural Marxism” is one of the far right’s favorite buzzwords. But despite its currency, the meaning and origins of the term are rarely investigated. This book uncovers the bizarre story of the cult leaders, right-wing intellectuals, and White House officials who believe a coterie of left-wing scholars and students is plotting to undermine Western civilization. Drawing on years of archival research and using the tools of critical theory, A.J.A. Woods reveals how a group of German thinkers known as the Frankfurt School was recast as the sinister orchestra-tors of a global conspiracy. Instead of simply debunking this conspiracy theory, Woods offers a sharp analysis and critique of the political movements that have declared war on all that passes for Cultural Marxism in the US, the UK, and Brazil.

Only when we understand the practices and weaknesses of those reactionaries committed to fighting this illusory threat—a conflict causing real-world damage—can we effectively resist. This is an essential book for anyone seeking to understand the ideological currents shaping politics in the twenty-first century.

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Emma Ingala, Cillian Ó Fathaigh, Gavin Rae eds. Transformation in Contemporary French Philosophy – Edinburgh University Press, July 2026

Emma Ingala, Cillian Ó Fathaigh, Gavin Rae eds. Transformation in Contemporary French Philosophy – Edinburgh University Press, July 2026

Unfortunately no paperback yet, and even the e-book is very expensive.

Traces the articulation of the concept of transformation across twentieth-century French philosophy, from Bergson to Malabou

  • Engages contemporary French philosophy through the notion of transformation
  • Reveals that the notion of transformation is heterogeneous and itself subject to transformation
  • Offers innovative readings of individual thinkers within this periodisation
  • Includes chapters on thinkers – such as Cornelius Castoriadis, Paul Ricoeur, Raymond Ruyer, Gilbert Simondon, Michel Serres – that are often ignored in discussions of contemporary French philosophy

This collection brings together an international range of specialists to explore the multi-faceted ways in which twentieth-century French philosophy affirms the fundamental importance of transformation. The essays enhance our understanding of how various individual French philosophers have conceived the term, including the innovative implications of their respective conceptions. They show that although emphasis is often placed on its heterogeneity and the differences between its proponents, twentieth-century French philosophy is fundamentally, if implicitly, shaped around a common focus on the primordial importance of transformation.

By engaging with the thinking of Bergson, Sartre, Beauvoir, Merleau-Ponty, Fanon, Deleuze, Foucault, Derrida, Kristeva, Ricœur, Ruyer, Simondon, Serres, Castoriadis and Malabou, the contributors also rethink a range of issues, including ethics, information, ontology and politics.

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Geoffrey M. Hodgson, From Marx to Markets: An Intellectual Odyssey – Edward Elgar, 2026

Geoffrey M. Hodgson, From Marx to Markets: An Intellectual Odyssey – Edward Elgar, 2026

In this revealing and eminently readable book, Geoffrey M. Hodgson takes readers on an intellectual odyssey through his distinguished career and his work as one of the leading institutional and evolutionary economists. Depicting his life throughout the Cold War, grappling with the military and economic rivalry of two different systems and the threat of nuclear war, to becoming an economist in the 1970s, and his ventures into institutional and evolutionary economics.

Examining the evolution of Hodgson’s thinking and citing the events and experiences that helped to transform his vision, chapters cover the impact of the Cold War and subsequent events on Hodgson”s thinking. He summarizes his main written contributions, with suggestions for the reform of economics and the development of its theoretical foundations. The book also calls for the development of better theories and policies in economics, helping to yield more effective outcomes to enhance human wellbeing and build a better and fairer world.

Showcasing some of the problems and potentialities of the discipline, From Marx to Markets is a useful resource for students considering, or having embarked on, the study of economics. It is also an essential read for academics in the social sciences and law.

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Foucault on Frans Hals, The Regents and the illustration of his History of Madness

Michel Foucault’s discussion on Dutch television with Noam Chomsky, moderated by Fons Elders, is of course well known. 

The interview was part of a series, also including dialogues between A.J. Ayer and Arne Naess, Karl Popper and John Eccles, and Leszek Kołakowski and Henri Lefebvre. Edited transcripts of the discussions were published in the book Reflexive Water: The Basic Concerns of Mankind. The Foucault-Chomsky discussion is widely reprinted; the others less so. As part of his work for that discussion, Elders interviewed Foucault at his Paris apartment.

In that interview, unseen for a long time before being rediscovered and published in 2014 as a small book entitled Freedom and Knowledge, Foucault says that publishers have tended to illustrate his work on madness with Bruegel, Bosch and Goya. But he has another painting in mind: Frans Hals, De regentessen van het oudemannenhuis, the regents or regentesses of the men’s almshouse. He discusses it about 2 minutes into the video.

The painting is found, in a fairly poor quality black and white reproduction, in the 1972 Gallimard re-edition of Histoire de la folie, which is now out of print. It is not in any other French or English editions, and it is not discussed in the book. (On the different editions, see here.)

Frans Hals – De regentessen van het oudemannenhuis” by Frans Hals (1582/1583–1666) – licensed under Public Domain via Commons. Clicking on the image leads to a larger version.

Here’s what Foucault says in the published interview with Elders:

So from here, well, if I were asked to illustrate with visual art the history of madness, I would not choose what my publishers ordinarily choose for the covers of my books. In general they pick Bruegel, Bosch, sometimes they choose Goya. That is not what I would choose. The problem basically is to show the transition from Bruegel to Goya; that is, how we moved from a certain experience of madness, which was, as it were, an objective experience. Madness was characterized with bizarre and imaginary figures that travelled the world, passed through it, and swarmed there; such was the experience of madness in the 16th century. And in the 19th century we see the emergence with Goya, with Fuseli, with Blake, of the subjective expression, as if it were from within madness, of what the mad feel, which Bruegel did not know.

Having come now into broad daylight, it’s as if we could finally see, hear, know, what was inside of madness. How did such passage from Bruegel or Bosch to Goya, Fuseli and Blake happen? I would say that it is through an experience that found its pictorial expression in one of the most famous paintings of Dutch art, by Frans Hals, that is to say, in “The Regents”. It is in “The Regents” of the hospital that my historical research on madness is illustrated best. There around a table are these five old women whose job it is to hold, to run this house of imprisonment, where during the 17th and later during the 18th century, all socially worthless people, the troublemakers were imprisoned. These women are actually the expression of our society’s rationalization that sets madness apart.

At the center of the painting we see a closed hand-held fan. This is the symbol of all pleasures, of society’s futility folded up on itself, excluded. Looking at both sides [of the painting], we can also see on the right a woman holding her big register under her hand; that’s the accounting of life, of things. And on the left, we see a woman holding coins in her hand; that is, basically the West’s accounting economy. Together they hold back the experience of madness. And it is from here on that the science of madness was able to develop. My history of madness is indeed best illustrated from that Frans Hals painting (pp. 26-27).

As far as I’m aware, the only other (very brief) mention of Frans Hals by Foucault is in a 1972 interview ‘Le grande enfermement’, text 105 in Dits et écrits. It is translated in the collection of texts about the Prisons Information Group, Intolerable. There, Foucault describes it as “one of the most unsettling [bouleversants] pieces ever painted in the West… an extraordinary work of which Claudel said some very beautiful things” (Vol II, p. 296; Quarto vol 1, p. 1164; Intolerable, p. 267). It is worth noting that while Foucault calls it The Regents, that is usually used to describe the pair to this painting, which is more commonly The Regentesses. The editors specify that Foucault’s reference is to Paul Claudel, “Introduction à la peinture hollandaise” in his L’œil écoute.

Paul Claudel, “Introduction à la peinture hollandaise” in his L’œil écoute, p. 42.

Claudel says of the “five sinister ladies” of this painting that “Neither in Goya nor in El Greco is there anything so masterful and so terrifying, for even hell holds fewer terrors for us than the intermediate zone”. He goes on, describing them as “ghouls”, the middle one as having a “deceitful face made into a beak by a hideous grin [which] indicates that we are dealing with something in her that is more implacable than justice, which is nothingness”. He admits it Is hard “to describe this phosphorescent emanation, this vampiric aura, that emanates from these five figures, as if from decomposing flesh, and I would almost be tempted to say, if it were possible, from a [decomposing] soul” (p. 42). That’s what Foucault described as “some very beautiful things”!

The only discussion I know of Foucault’s interest in the painting is in the introduction to Gary Shapiro’s 2003 book Archaeologies of Vision Foucault and Nietzsche on Seeing and Saying (pp. 12-18). Shapiro was writing before the publication of the interview with Elders, so he had only the inclusion of the painting and the brief comment in the 1972 interview to draw upon, but he develops an interesting reading, also translating part of Claudel’s commentary. Shapiro rightly notes that the 1972 interview is around the time of the publication of the new edition of the book, and we might add that the 1971 interview with Elders was presumably conducted around the time Foucault was deciding on the material to be included and excised. 

The edition in print in France in the Gallimard Tel series has for its cover a detail from one of the images in Goya’s Los Caprichos series, known as “Ya tienen asiento [they’ve already got a seat]”, of women balancing chairs on their heads. That has been used on most of the editions of the full text in France – the exception is the 1972 edition which has no cover image, but De regentessen van het oudemannenhuis inside. The full translation of the text in English has a painting by Goya, and its forthcoming reedition uses the final image from William Hogarth’s The Rake’s Progress, The Madhouse for its cover.

References

Paul Claudel, “Introduction à la peinture hollandaise”, L’œil écoute, Paris: Gallimard, 1967, 9-68.

Fons Elders ed. Reflexive Water: The Basic Concerns of Mankind, London: Souvenir Press, 1974.

Fons Elders ed. Michel Foucault Freedom and Knowledge: A Hitherto Unpublished Intervew, trans. Lionel Claris, Amsterdam: Elders Special Productions, 2014.

Michel Foucault, Histoire de la folie à l’âge classiquesuivi de Mon corps, ce papier, ce feu et La folie, l’absence d’œuvre, Paris: Gallimard, 1972 [1961].

Michel Foucault, Dits et écrits, eds. Daniel Defert and François Ewald, Paris: Gallimard, four volumes, 1994.

Gary Shapiro, Archaeologies of Vision: Foucault and Nietzsche on Seeing and Saying, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.

Kevin Thompson and Perry Zurn eds. Intolerable: Writings from Michel Foucault and the Prisons Information Group, trans. Perry Zurn and Erik Beranek, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 2021.


This is a revised and expanded version of a post from December 2015. It is the 86th post of a weekly series, posted every Sunday throughout 2025, and continuing into a second year. The posts are short essays with indications of further reading and sources. The pieces are not as formal as something I’d try to publish more conventionally, but are hopefully worthwhile as short sketches of histories and ideas. They are usually tangential to my main writing focus, a home for spare parts, asides, dead-ends and possible futures. I hope there is some interest in them. They are provisional and suggestions are welcome. A few, usually shorter, pieces in a similar style have been posted mid-week. I wasn’t sure I’d keep to a weekly rhythm throughout 2026, but have ideas for at least a few more pieces.

The full chronological list of ‘Sunday histories’ is here, with a thematic ordering here.

Posted in Michel Foucault, Noam Chomsky, Sunday Histories, Uncategorized | 1 Comment