Indo-European Thought in Twentieth-Century France update 23: Emile Benveniste and Georges Dumézil at the Collège de France, and an article on Alexandre Koyré

The chapter I’m currently working on for the Mapping Indo-European Thought project is a study of the two decades Benveniste and Dumézil were teaching in parallel at the Collège de France. I’ve been concentrating on Dumézil so far, but I plan to treat them in parallel. 

In the 1950s, Dumézil keeps up a regular programme of books, which for most people would be remarkable productivity, but for him was actually a bit of slower than the previous decade. Beyond the pamphlet of his inaugural lecture, there were eight books, but only one was over 150 pages, and several were summarising previously treated themes. In the first part of the 1960s he doesn’t publish a book on Indo-European mythology, but concentrates on his second parallel career on Caucasian and Anatolian languages. This focus changes with his ‘bilan’ period of consolidation and reassessment, beginning with Archaic Roman Religion in 1966, and the volumes of Mythe et épopée that follow. (Of course, he was clearly working on those massive books earlier.) I’m planning to discuss the Caucasian material in a separate chapter, and certainly the ‘bilan’ period requires fuller treatment. But for the 1950s and early 1960s regarding his work on mythology it feels an easier array of work to treat than the 1938-49 period I discussed in an earlier chapter.

So many of Dumézil’s publications come from lectures that I’ve been weaving the treatment of teaching and publishing together as much as I can, rather than doing each separately. Here, I’m working with the course summaries published in the Annuaire du Collège de France and the Annuaire of the EPHE, as well as my notes on the archival remains of these courses. When I first proposed this project, I thought that there would be a lot more unpublished material from the teaching, but I’m now largely convinced that nearly all the worthwhile content found its way into print in some form. But it is not always obvious where and how, and some of the publications are in some very obscure outlets that are taking a bit of tracking down.  

I’ll be speaking about both Benveniste and Dumézil in this period as “Indo-European Thought at the Collège de France” in November in an online Social Anthropology seminar at the University of St Andrews, and I’m grateful to Christos Lynteris for the invitation. I share details when they are available. The abstract reads:

Emile Benveniste and Georges Dumézil both lost their teaching positions under the Vichy regime, but for different reasons and with different outcomes. Benveniste was Jewish, had been captured shortly before the Armistice, and when he escaped, he went into exile in Switzerland. Before being deployed to Turkey, Dumézil had briefly been a Freemason and was excluded due to the laws on secret societies. He got his position back, remained in Paris, and published throughout the war with Gallimard. At the Liberation he was under suspicion of collaboration, and temporarily lost his position again. Benveniste returned to the Collège de France, and in 1949 proposed Dumézil for a chair in Indo-European civilisation. For the next two decades Benveniste and Dumézil taught there in parallel – Benveniste usually teaching one course on linguistics, and another on vocabulary; Dumézil teaching on mythology but also his interest in Caucasian languages and folklore. Some of their most important publications, including Dumézil’s Myth and Epic and Benveniste’s Vocabulary of Indo-European Institutions, were originally presented in their classes. Using teaching records, publications, archival materials and correspondence, this talk will discuss the period when Indo-European thought was at the centre of one of France’s elite institutions.

I had thought that the argument between Georges Dumézil and Nicolai Trubetzkoy in the 1930s was one of the more preposterous displays of academic petulance. As discussed in this great article by Stefanos Geroulanos and Jamie Philips, Dumézil took exception to Trubetzkoy’s review of one of his books, and had a privately-printed pamphlet of 50 pages circulated to respond. Later in his career there are on-going feuds with other scholars, such as the British classicist Herbert Jennings Rose, and the German Indologist Paul Thieme, who taught at Yale for a while. André Mazon’s unsuccessful attempt to block Dumézil’s election to the Collège de France and his successful opposition to Claude Lévi-Strauss’s first attempts seems to have been linked to his feud with Roman Jakobson (partly over the status of an Old Russian epic) and anyone deemed close to him. But I have now come across another one. Dumézil disputed Henrik Wagenvoort’s reading of the Latin terms maiestas and gravitas. He did this across eight lectures – the poor students! – and then in a book and an article (in French). Wagenvoort, who was Dutch, but often published in English and German, responded in a 20-page article, in Latin. I don’t know what’s more ridiculous – that Wagenvoort thought this was appropriate, or that a journal indulged him in this.

In some previous updates on this project I’ve mentioned I was working on a piece about Alexandre Koyré’s failure to get elected to the Collège de France. Initially it was intended to be a shorter piece, but the story seemed interesting to me and the archives revealed more than I expected, so it became a full-length article. I’m pleased to say that it was accepted by the History of European Ideas journal, and is available online first and open access here. In the twenty-five years since my first journal article, I don’t think I have ever had a piece where both referees recommended acceptance with no changes, and the editor agreed. I say a bit more about the piece here. I’ll be speaking about Koyré and Canguilhem at a workshop on Canguilhem and the Human Sciences in Bristol on 26 September, organised by Federico Testa. While Koyré is only a minor figure in the Indo-European project, since his interests are in other areas, he connects to it in various ways, and I have long been interested in his work. There are some other aspects of his career which I hope to research in the future.

I’ve also been working on the proofs of Dumézil’s Mitra-Varuna. It’s taken a while to reach this stage, as the manuscript was completed in 2022. I had to resist any temptation to rewrite the Introduction or add more notes – I know a lot more than I did when I did this work initially. it is now due for publication in December. And for the first time in several years, I was able to visit Garrick’s Temple to Shakespeare for the conference on “Shakespeare and the Reactionary Mind”. It was good to catch up with old friends there.

Garrick’s Temple to Shakespeare, on the banks of the River Thames at Hampton

I’m Paris for another visit soon, planning to continue work on the Benveniste archive at the Bibliothèque nationale, as well as doing a little in some other archives. I’ve also been working through a long list of odd things to check in London’s libraries. Just recently, I discovered that some unpublished material by Benveniste is in Cambridge, so I’ll be making another trip there soon to take a look at this. 

Previous updates on this project can be found here, along with links to some research resources and forthcoming publications. The re-edition of Georges Dumézil’s Mitra-Varuna is now scheduled for December 2024. There is a lot more about the earlier Foucault work here. The final volume of the series is The Archaeology of Foucault, and the special issue of Theory, Culture & Society I co-edited on “Foucault before the Collège de France” has some important contributions on the earlier parts of Foucault’s career, and is currently available free to access. My article “Foucault and Dumézil on Antiquity” is in the current issue of Journal of the History of Ideas; “Alexandre Koyré and the Collège de France” is online first and open access.

Posted in Alexandre Koyré, Emile Benveniste, Georges Canguilhem, Georges Dumézil, Michel Foucault, Roman Jakobson, The Archaeology of Foucault, Uncategorized, William Shakespeare | 1 Comment

David Matless, England’s Green: Nature and Culture since the 1960s – University of Chicago Press, August 2024

David Matless, England’s Green: Nature and Culture since the 1960s – University of Chicago Press, August 2024

A sweeping history of how ecological challenges have shaped English society over the last sixty years.
 
England’s Green explores how environmental concerns have shaped and reflected English national identity since the 1960s. From agriculture to leisure, climate change, folklore, archaeology, and religion, David Matless shows how national environmental debates connect to the local, regional, global, and postcolonial worlds. Moving across a breadth of material including government policy, popular music, ecological polemic, and television comedy, England’s Green shows the richness and complexity of English environmental culture. Along the way, Matless tracks how today’s debates over climate and nature, land, and culture, have been molded by events over the past sixty years.

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K. Maria D. Lane, Fluid Geographies: Water, Science, and Settler Colonialism in New Mexico – University of Chicago Press, July 2024

K. Maria D. Lane, Fluid Geographies: Water, Science, and Settler Colonialism in New Mexico – University of Chicago Press, July 2024

An unprecedented analysis of the origin story of New Mexico’s modern water management system.
 
Maria Lane’s Fluid Geographies traces New Mexico’s transition from a community-based to an expert-led system of water management during the pre-statehood era. To understand this major shift, Lane carefully examines the primary conflict of the time, which pitted Indigenous and Nuevomexicano communities, with their long-established systems of irrigation management, against Anglo-American settlers, who benefitted from centralized bureaucratic management of water. The newcomers’ system eventually became settled law, but water disputes have continued throughout the district courts of New Mexico’s Rio Grande watershed ever since.
 
Using a fine-grained analysis of legislative texts and nearly two hundred district court cases, Lane analyzes evolving cultural patterns and attitudes toward water use and management in a pivotal time in New Mexico’s history. Illuminating complex themes for a general audience, Fluid Geographies helps readers understand how settler colonialism constructed a racialized understanding of scientific expertise and legitimized the dispossession of nonwhite communities in New Mexico.

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“A Different Open Access Model for Journals”, Daily Nous; David Murakami Wood “radical open access [journals] in the Social Sciences”

A Different Open Access Model for Journals“, Daily Nous

Recent discussion of open-access journals and their financing prompted a reader to share information about a different model for publishers and journals converting to open-access, known as “subscribe-to-open”.

This model isn’t really open access, but it’s an interesting approach.

David Murakami Wood is making a list of ‘radical open access [journals] in the Social Sciences

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Debbie Hall, Adventures in Maps – Bodleian Library Publishing, July 2024

Debbie Hall, Adventures in Maps – Bodleian Library Publishing, July 2024

A richly illustrated collection that maps twenty historical journeys.

Adventures in Maps features twenty awe-inspiring journeys, ranging in distances from a few miles to great treks across land, sea, air, and space. Some chart the route a traveler followed, while some are the fruits of exploration, and others were made to help future travelers find their way. 

Among these maps are sea charts depicting the sixteenth-century adventures of Richard Hawkins sailing to South America, the surveys of Captain James Cook, and the route followed by pioneering solo yachtswoman Naomi James. On land, we travel North America’s Route 66, follow the archaeological expeditions of David Hogarth along the Euphrates and Aurel Stein on the Silk Road, experience Thomas Cook’s first package tour, and move with pilgrims making their way across Europe. By air and space, we learn the stories of the Arctic explorations needed to enable a Great Circle route by air over Greenland, the first flight from London to Manchester, and the surveys of the Moon that ultimately facilitated the first landing. 

These inspirational accounts are drawn from diaries, letters, memoirs, and travelogues: all illustrated with fascinating, beautiful maps.

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Books received – Koyré, Meillet, Rose, Barry, Moyn

Some recently bought second-hand books, including Gillian Rose’s The Broken Middle, James Barry, Measures of Science, and Samuel Moyn, Origins of the Other: Emmanuel Levinas between Revelation and Ethics. Top of the pile is a first edition of Alexandre Koyré’s La Révolution astronomique, dedicated and initialled by Koyré himself – a lovely find.

They relate to the Mapping Indo-European Thought research is some way, though Barry and Koyré more to the side-project on Koyré – the first part of which was recently published as “Alexandre Koyré and the Collège de France” in History of European Ideas, online first and open access.

Posted in Alexandre Koyré, Antoine Meillet, Emmanuel Levinas, Gillian Rose, Mapping Indo-European Thought in Twentieth Century France | 1 Comment

Brook Ziporyn, Experiments in Mystical Atheism: Godless Epiphanies from Daoism to Spinoza and Beyond – University of Chicago Press, October 2024

Brook Ziporyn, Experiments in Mystical Atheism: Godless Epiphanies from Daoism to Spinoza and Beyond – University of Chicago Press, October 2024

A new approach to the theism-scientism divide rooted in a deeper form of atheism.

 Western philosophy is stuck in an irresolvable conflict between two approaches to the spiritual malaise of our times: either we need more God (the “turn to religion”) or less religion (the New Atheism). In this book, Brook Ziporyn proposes an alternative that avoids both totalizing theomania and atomizing reductionism. What we need, he argues, is a deeper, more thoroughgoing, even religious rejection of God: an affirmative atheism without either a creator to provide meaning or finite creatures in need of it—a mystical atheism.

In the legacies of Daoism and Buddhism as well as Spinoza, Nietzsche, and Bataille, Ziporyn discovers a critique of theism that develops into a new, positive sensibility—at once deeply atheist and richly religious. Experiments in Mystical Atheism argues that these “godless epiphanies” hold the key to renewing philosophy today.

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Foucault Studies 36: Special Issue – Foucault’s Legacy in Contemporary Thinking: Forty Years Later (1984-2024)

Foucault Studies 36: Special Issue – Foucault’s Legacy in Contemporary Thinking: Forty Years Later (1984-2024)

The issue is edited by Valentina Antoniol and Stefano Marino – all open access and able to download either individual essays or the issue as a whole.

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Tuomo Tiisala, Power and Freedom in the Space of Reasons: Elaborating Foucault’s Pragmatism – Routledge, July 2024 (open access)

Tuomo Tiisala, Power and Freedom in the Space of Reasons: Elaborating Foucault’s Pragmatism – Routledge, July 2024 (open access)

Update: Colin Koopman reviews it at NDPR

This book argues that the received view of the distinction between freedom and power must be rejected because it rests on an untenable account of the discursive cognition that endows individuals with the capacity for autonomy and self-governed rationality.  

In liberal and Kantian approaches alike, the autonomous subject is a self-standing starting point whose freedom is constrained by relations of power only contingently because they are external to the subject’s constitution. Thus, the received view defines the distinction between freedom and power as a dichotomy. Michel Foucault is arguably the most important critic of that dichotomy. However, it is widely agreed that Foucault falls short of justifying the alternative view he develops, where power and freedom are essentially entangled instead. The book fills out the gap by investigating the social preconditions of discursive cognition. Drawing on pragmatist-inferentialist resources from the philosophy of language (Wittgenstein, Sellars, and Brandom), it presents a new interpretation of Foucault’s philosophy that is unified by his overlooked idea of “the archaeology of knowledge.” As a result, the book not only explains why and how power and freedom must be entangled but also what it means ethically to pursue and gain autonomy with respect to one’s own understanding. 

Power and Freedom in the Space of Reasons will appeal to scholars and advanced students working in social and political philosophy, critical theory, ethics, philosophy of language, and the history of 20th-century philosophy.

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Shaina Potts, Judicial Territory: Law, Capital, and the Expansion of American Empire – Duke University Press, September 2024

Shaina Potts, Judicial Territory: Law, Capital, and the Expansion of American Empire – Duke University Press, September 2024

Introduction open access at this link

In Judicial Territory, Shaina Potts reveals how the American empire has benefited from the post-World War II expansion of United States judicial authority over the economic decisions of postcolonial governments. Introducing the term “judicial territory” to refer to the increasingly transnational space over which US courts wield authority, Potts argues that law is an essential tool for US geopolitical and economic interests. Through close examination of cases involving private US companies, on the one hand, and foreign state-owned enterprises, nationalizations, and sovereign debt, on the other, she shows that technical changes relating to the treatment of foreign sovereigns in domestic US law allowed the United States to extend its purview over global financial and economic relations, including many economic decisions of foreign governments. Throughout, Potts argues, US law has not become divorced from territoriality but instead actively remapped it; it has not merely responded to globalization, but actively produced it—making the whole world part of US economic space in the process.

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